Saberes científicos y saberes tradicionales en la gobernanza ambiental: La agroecología como práctica híbrida

Foyer Jean, Jankowski Frédérique, Blanc Julien, Georges Isabel, Kleiche-Dray Mina. 2014. Saberes científicos y saberes tradicionales en la gobernanza ambiental: La agroecología como práctica híbrida. s.l. : ENGOV, 79 p. (ENGOV Working Paper Series, 14)

Url - autre : https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers15-03/010063364.pdf

Résumé : El objetivo de este informe es mostrar la complejidad del dualismo saberes científicos/saberes tradicionales , situando estos saberes (como y a lo habíamos mostrado de manera muy precisa en el informe D.5.2 en el caso de saberes tradicionales) dentro de las situaciones de gobernanza ambiental 1 . Con una perspectiva comparativa cruzando la antropología de los saberes locales, la sociología del med ioambiente y los estudios sociales de las ciencias, seleccionamos tres estudios de caso relacionados a la comercialización y transformación de recursos naturales en México y Brasil, que a diferentes niveles refieren proyectos relacionados a la agroecología . Y analizamos de manera integrada, como ellos redefinen durante estos procesos las relaciones entre diferentes portadores de saberes (poblaciones tradicionales, mestizos, campesinos, agricultores, científicos, actores económicos, políticos) para entender como ellos participan en la arenas epistémicas durante procesos socio - ecológicos y contribuyen así a la gobernanza ambiental. Así nuestro informe muestra la importancia de tomar en cuenta en la construcción de las políticas de desarrollo sustentable de la circulación de saberes durante la comercialización y la transformación de recursos naturales mostrando varias configuraciones complejas que pueden existir entre estos dos polos. En efecto, estos dos polos reenvían formas de saberes sumamente heterogéneos entre los cuales existen formas de intermediación que permite cuestionar otro dualismo antiguamente establecido entre eso que revelan los saberes como modo de conocimiento del mundo natural y de la política como proyecto de acción sobre la sociedad.

Résumé (autre langue) : The studies presented in this report seek to inform about the forms of hybridization, exchange and translation between scientific knowledge and traditional knowledge in the context of Latin America environmental governance. This investigation about the forms of knowledges is carried out in relation to their inclusion in political and economic games pertaining to decision-making and the development of new norms and institutions in Mexico and Brazil. Our hypothesis is that a governance context --- characterized by the tension between different actors and different logics at different levels --- makes this distinction much more diffuse. The current report shows the first findings of three field studies, covering three case studies that relate to different levels of agro-ecology. The first study focuses on a participative project in agro-ecology that took place in the municipality of San Juan Colorado in the Costa Chica region, Oaxaca State, Mexico. The second study focuses on a governmental project for the conservation of local corn, the PROMAC (Programa de Maíces Criollos/ Program for the Conservation of Creole Corn), also in Mexico. The National Committee for the Preservation of Natural Areas (CONANP), an institution dependent on the Ministry of Environment of Mexico (SEMANART), implemented PROMAC since 2008. PROMAC is one of the few programs on preservation of agro-biodiversity on a global scale. The third study links to the development of organic agriculture in the agricultural belt around Sao Paulo, Brazil. This case study focuses on ecological modernization of farms near Verava, around 30 km from Ibiuna the main municipality in the area. The three case studies constitute three different configurations of relations of governance, each at a different level. With regard to governance, agro-ecology can be characterized as a space of more or less asymmetric negotiations between groups of actors (peasants, local communities, scientists, NGOs, stakeholders, political organizations, market actors, etc.). In those negotiations, the role of different knowledges is highlighted. Agro-ecology is linked to environmental governance in the sense that for the "ecologizing" of agriculture, it mobilizes a series of actors: local communities, private enterprises, the State, experts, producers and activists. Agro-ecology is, in our view, specifically well suited for the study of mediation between scientific knowledge and traditional knowledge. As we show in this report, while agro-ecology has the status of a scientific discipline, it also incorporates a series of practices promoted by collective actors, public policies and market demands. These practices help to reconfigure the different knowledges. In this light, this report is structured around agro-ecology, seen as a dialogue space between scientific knowledge and peasants' knowledge, as well as between knowledge(s) and political projects. Hence, through agro-ecology we will illustrate the previously highlighted issues: We will show how agro-ecology recruits (explain) different kinds of scientific knowledges (ecology agronomy, sociology, anthropology, etc.) and agricultural knowledges. We will show how its constitution as an object of environmental governance contributes to shape these knowledges. How is the mediation between agronomic knowledges and agricultural knowledges established inside agro-ecology? How are they produced and redefined through political matters? Alternatively, how are political projects (both institutional and militant) based on the knowledges of agro-ecology? What are the consequences of the aforementioned aspects for environmental governance? The first part of the report scrutinizes agro-ecology as a scientific discipline, presenting it as an agricultural practice and as a political project with a special emphasis on the Mexican and Brazilian experience. In the second part, we will analyze more specifically the mediation between scientific and traditional knowledges in agro-ecology. Finally, in the third part, we will show how agro-ecology refers to very different practices depending on its different political and economical contexts.

Mots-clés libres : Agroécologie, Savoirs scientifiques, Savoirs locaux, Gouvernance environnementale

Classification Agris : P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières
F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture
E14 - Économie et politique du développement
E50 - Sociologie rurale

Agences de financement européennes : European Commission

Programme de financement européen : FP7

Projets sur financement : (EU) Environmental Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean: Developing Frameworks for Sustainable and Equitable Natural Resource Use

Auteurs et affiliations

• Foyer Jean, CNRS (FRA)
• Jankowski Frédérique, CIRAD-ES-UPR GREEN (SEN)
• Blanc Julien, MHN (FRA)
• Georges Isabel, IRD (FRA)
• Kleiche-Dray Mina, IRD (FRA)

Source : Cirad-Agritrop (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/577336/)

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