%PDF-1.6
%
1 0 obj
<>
endobj
2 0 obj
<>stream
Simon Buy, Simon Le Floch, Ning Tang, Rahima Sidiboulenouar, Michel Zanca, Patrick Canadas, Eric Nativel, Maida Cardoso, Eric Alibert, Guillaume Dupont, Dominique Ambard, Christophe Maurel, Jean-Luc Verdeil, Nadia Bertin, Christophe Goze-Bac, Christophe Coillot
Flip-flop method: A new T1-weighted flow-MRI for plants studies
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 15 0 R/Annots 16 0 R/Contents 17 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
16 0 obj
[18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R]
endobj
18 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0194845.ref005)>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0194845.ref006)>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0194845.ref007)>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0194845.ref008)>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0194845.ref009)>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0194845.ref010)>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0194845.ref004)>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0194845.ref011)>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0194845.g001)>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 28 0 R>>
endobj
28 0 obj
<>
endobj
17 0 obj
[29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R]
endobj
29 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
410.0031 693.2976 m
414.7654 693.2976 l
h
f*
419.1874 693.2976 m
423.9496 693.2976 l
h
f*
335.1685 558.3685 m
339.9307 558.3685 l
h
f*
441.0142 371.8488 m
445.7764 371.8488 l
h
f*
450.1417 371.8488 m
454.9039 371.8488 l
h
f*
419.3008 345.8835 m
428.8252 345.8835 l
h
f*
380.4661 332.8441 m
385.2283 332.8441 l
h
f*
255.9118 319.8614 m
265.4362 319.8614 l
h
f*
355.6913 81.9213 m
375.2504 81.9213 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(measure)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(slow)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(velocities)Tj
3.8891 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(sap)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9446 0 Td
(\(0)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.0318 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
0.7937 0 Td
(*)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
(5)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()18()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(/)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
3.9061 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(xylemian)Tj
3.8834 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9446 0 Td
(velocities)Tj
3.8891 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
-33.7547 -1.3039 Td
(*)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
(0.25)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
2.8686 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(0.4)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()18()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(/)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
3.6113 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(phloemian)Tj
4.5071 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9502 0 Td
(velocities,)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(see)Tj
1.4286 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2586 0 Td
(6)Tj
0 g
(]\).)Tj
-20.7211 -1.2982 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(so-called)Tj
3.736 0 Td
(flip-flop)Tj
3.4526 0 Td
(method)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(present)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(belongs)Tj
3.2769 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(inflow-outflow)Tj
6.1739 0 Td
(method)Tj
3.3221 0 Td
(family.)Tj
2.9537 0 Td
(It)Tj
-36.2038 -1.2983 Td
(takes)Tj
2.2336 0 Td
(advantage)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(slice)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(sensitivity)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(multi)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(slice)Tj
1.9446 0 Td
(spin)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(echo.)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(It)Tj
0.856 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(based)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(sub-)Tj
-35.5915 -1.2983 Td
(straction)Tj
3.7303 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(multi)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(slices)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(spin)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(echo)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(sequences)Tj
4.2179 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(given)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(slice)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(inflow)Tj
2.7609 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(out-)Tj
-34.8148 -1.3039 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(sensitive)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(giving)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(possiblility)Tj
4.5184 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(perform)Tj
3.515 0 Td
(slow)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9446 0 Td
(imaging)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(quite)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(straigthforward)Tj
-30.1717 -1.2982 Td
(way.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 602.4755 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Overview)Tj
4.6252 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.1622 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.7055 0 Td
(NMR-MRI)Tj
4.6347 0 Td
(flow)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(measurement)Tj
6.6568 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.5449 0 Td
(plant)Tj
2.5984 0 Td
(studies)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 585.4677 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Nuclear)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(Magnetic)Tj
3.9742 0 Td
(Resonance)Tj
4.5127 0 Td
(\(NMR\))Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(valuable)Tj
3.4922 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(non-invasive)Tj
5.3858 0 Td
(technique)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(measuring)Tj
-32.6775 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(liquid)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(flows.)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(impact)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9446 0 Td
(velocity)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(NMR)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(spin-echo)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(measurement)Tj
5.6693 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(studied)Tj
-34.5654 -1.2982 Td
(early)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(context)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(slow)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(flows)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(decrease)Tj
3.6114 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(signal)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(spins)Tj
2.2734 0 Td
(moving)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(homo-)Tj
-34.6051 -1.2983 Td
(geneous)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(heterogeneous)Tj
6.0264 0 Td
(RF)Tj
1.372 0 Td
(coil)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(determine)Tj
4.3257 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(average)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(spin)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(velocity.)Tj
3.5206 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(effect)Tj
-35.0189 -1.3153 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(decrease)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(apparent)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(transverse)Tj
4.2633 0 Td
(relaxation)Tj
4.2179 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0 Tc
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 438.5763 536.9385 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
-0.1228 -1.0677 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 442.0913 533.3102 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5612 0 Td
(measured)Tj
4.1045 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(CPMG)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(\(Carr-)Tj
-33.6129 -1.3266 Td
(Purcell-Meiboorn-Gill\))Tj
9.5584 0 Td
(sequence)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(studied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(while)Tj
2.3697 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(repetition)Tj
4.1441 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(sequence)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(was)Tj
-34.6164 -1.2982 Td
(much)Tj
2.5172 0 Td
(higher)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(longitudinal)Tj
5.108 0 Td
(relaxation)Tj
4.2123 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()2()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
0 Tc
1.6724 0 Td
(>)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
0.9921 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 434.211 505.3606 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 437.7259 507.0614 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\).)Tj
0.788 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(relaxation)Tj
4.2179 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(difference)Tj
-32.5867 -1.3039 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(moving)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(velocities)Tj
3.8891 0 Td
(\(one)Tj
2.0408 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(them)Tj
2.2904 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(null\))Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(then)Tj
-34.7581 -1.3096 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(retrieve)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(average)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(velocity)Tj
3.2939 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(\):)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
358.8661 483.5906 m
365.8961 483.5906 l
365.8961 483.1937 l
358.8661 483.1937 l
f*
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 360.907 484.5543 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.3401 -1.2094 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5 0 0 5 362.8913 479.5086 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
-0.0907 -1.0091 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 368.674 480.9259 cm
BT
/F18 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
379.1622 483.5906 m
385.7386 483.5906 l
385.7386 483.1937 l
379.1622 483.1937 l
f*
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 380.9196 484.5543 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.2929 -1.1716 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5 0 0 5 382.7338 475.9937 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 387.9496 480.9259 cm
BT
/F18 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
[( )-22(\n)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(,)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(where)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.6532 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 447.0803 479.2251 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 452.8062 480.9259 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(transverse)Tj
4.2689 0 Td
(relaxation)Tj
-31.8668 -1.6951 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(null)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(velocity,)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
3.5206 0 Td
[( )]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.4875 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4595 0 Td
(factor)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.7292 0 Td
[(\n)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.7483 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(RF)Tj
1.3663 0 Td
(coil)Tj
1.6668 0 Td
(length.)Tj
2.9536 0 Td
(Further)Tj
3.2654 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.7881 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(on)Tj
-36.5156 -1.3039 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(laboratory)Tj
4.354 0 Td
(experiment)Tj
4.7735 0 Td
(simulating)Tj
4.456 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(plant)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(stem,)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(method)Tj
3.322 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(access)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(water)Tj
-34.6618 -1.2982 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9446 0 Td
(velocities)Tj
3.8891 0 Td
(ranging)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()18()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(/)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
2.9083 0 Td
(up)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(30)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()18()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(/)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
3.3845 0 Td
(into)Tj
1.8426 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(0.8)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()18()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
2.9479 0 Td
(inner)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(diameter)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(tube.)Tj
2.1997 0 Td
(However,)Tj
-33.7377 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(difficulty)Tj
3.8097 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(obtaining)Tj
4.0649 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(reference)Tj
3.9175 0 Td
(curve)Tj
2.4207 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(null)Tj
1.7915 0 Td
(velocity)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0317 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(difference)Tj
4.2009 0 Td
(method)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(was)Tj
-34.8092 -1.3039 Td
(pointed,)Tj
3.532 0 Td
(even)Tj
2.0693 0 Td
(though)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(some)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(method)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(solve)Tj
2.2167 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(issue)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(proposed)Tj
3.9514 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(authors.)Tj
-29.1625 -1.2983 Td
(Later,)Tj
2.5114 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(new)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(method)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(proposed)Tj
3.9514 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(way)Tj
1.7915 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(solve)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(problem)Tj
3.6112 0 Td
(encoutered)Tj
4.6942 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(Hemminga)Tj
-32.8703 -1.2983 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(pioneering)Tj
4.5581 0 Td
(work.)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(method,)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(gradient)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(magnetic)Tj
3.9003 0 Td
(field)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(flow)Tj
-35.6425 -1.3039 Td
(direction)Tj
3.8438 0 Td
(makes)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(spin)Tj
1.9048 0 Td
(phase)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(sensitive)Tj
3.617 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(velocity)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(8)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2529 0 Td
(9)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.2528 0 Td
(Next,)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9333 0 Td
(NMR)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(method)Tj
-34.4917 -1.2982 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(improved)Tj
4.1103 0 Td
(taking)Tj
2.7325 0 Td
(advantage)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(NMR)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(imaging)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(combined)Tj
4.2405 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(dedicated)Tj
4.0705 0 Td
(gradient)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(pulse)Tj
-34.1175 -1.2983 Td
(sequence)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(perform)Tj
3.5206 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(imaging)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(into)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(circular)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(tube)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(10)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(Dedicated)Tj
4.2859 0 Td
(pulse)Tj
2.2903 0 Td
(field)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(gradient)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(was)Tj
-35.7729 -1.3039 Td
(then)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(designed)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(microscopic)Tj
5.108 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(imaging)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(4)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.3777 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(became)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(standard)Tj
3.7246 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(MRI)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(method)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(in)Tj
-35.7843 -1.2983 Td
(plant)Tj
2.2621 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 294.0094 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Inflow)Tj
3.1039 0 Td
(methods)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 277.0015 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(inflow)Tj
2.7609 0 Td
(effect)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(arises)Tj
2.4378 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(selected)Tj
3.3506 0 Td
(slice)Tj
1.9388 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(thickness)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
3.9288 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 418.5637 275.3574 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()10()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 428.0314 277.0015 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(spins)Tj
2.2734 0 Td
(moving)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(a)Tj
-35.155 -1.2982 Td
(static)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(medium)Tj
3.6057 0 Td
(\(like)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(tissue\).)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(Two)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(situations)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(distinguished:)Tj
-19.8141 -1.8992 Td
()Tj
0.7824 0 Td
(First,)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(situation)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(where)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(spins)Tj
2.2734 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(static)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(flowing)Tj
3.2257 0 Td
(liquid)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(attained)Tj
3.4526 0 Td
(Boltzmann)Tj
-31.6797 -1.3039 Td
(equilibrium)Tj
4.9492 0 Td
(before)Tj
2.7383 0 Td
(entering)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(slice)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()2()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
1.6725 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(liquid)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1202 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(external)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(magnetic)Tj
3.9005 0 Td
(field)Tj
-33.868 -1.2983 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 216.907 217.3606 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 220.4787 219.0047 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(,)Tj
0.4422 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(z)Tj
0.635 0 Td
(direction\))Tj
4.1952 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(much)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(longer)Tj
2.7779 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(spin-lattice)Tj
4.6544 0 Td
(relaxation)Tj
4.218 0 Td
(time)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.0296 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 527.1307 217.3606 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 530.7023 219.0047 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\).)Tj
0.7823 0 Td
(Follow-)Tj
-33.0687 -1.2982 Td
(ing)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(excitation)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(first)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.8029 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(/2-)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
2.4321 0 Td
(pulse)Tj
2.296 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(CPMG)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(sequence)Tj
3.8608 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(spins)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1507 0 Td
(tilted)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.8659 -1.3039 Td
(detected)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 254.6645 191.3385 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 263.5653 192.9826 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(component)Tj
4.8131 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.4684 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F15 1 Tf
0.6859 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
0.7881 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.6576 0 Td
(plane\).)Tj
2.9537 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(next)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.9559 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.7483 0 Td
(pulses,)Tj
2.88 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(moving)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
(spins)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(enter-)Tj
-33.6866 -1.2982 Td
(ing)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(slice)Tj
1.9388 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5704 0 Td
(produce)Tj
3.5206 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(signal)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(since)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(preselected)Tj
4.6601 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(the)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.4684 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(/2)Tj
-33.097 -1.2983 Td
(pulse.)Tj
2.5171 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(signal)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(difference)Tj
4.2066 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(respect)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(situation)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(where)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(spins)Tj
2.2733 0 Td
(remain)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.812 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.9282 -1.3039 Td
(slices)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(interpreted)Tj
4.694 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(faster)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(FID)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(decrease,)Tj
3.8324 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0941 0 Td
(similarly)Tj
3.6907 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(shorter)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(transverse)Tj
4.2632 0 Td
(relaxa-)Tj
-33.2897 -1.2983 Td
(tion)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(time.)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9841 0 Td
(situation)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(corresponds)Tj
5.142 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4595 0 Td
(conditions)Tj
4.473 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(Hemminga's)Tj
-29.8598 -1.2982 Td
(work.)Tj
2.5001 0 Td
(It)Tj
0.8617 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(referred)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(T2-weighted)Tj
5.2724 0 Td
(flow)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(MRI.)Tj
-19.5985 -1.8992 Td
()Tj
0.7824 0 Td
(Second,)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(statics)Tj
2.6645 0 Td
(spins)Tj
2.2734 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(slice)Tj
1.9446 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(tilted)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(repetition)Tj
4.1442 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 492.0377 107.3196 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 496.4598 109.0204 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5555 0 Td
(shorter)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.5313 -1.3039 Td
(Boltzmann)Tj
4.6147 0 Td
(equilibrium)Tj
4.9493 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 333.0708 94.337 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 339.7039 95.9811 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(<)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
0.9921 0 Td
(5)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 360.2834 94.337 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 363.7984 95.9811 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5612 0 Td
(while)Tj
2.3698 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(entering)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(spins)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(assumed)Tj
3.6736 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(have)Tj
-31.9859 -1.2982 Td
(attained)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(Boltzmann)Tj
4.6205 0 Td
(equilibrium)Tj
4.9492 0 Td
(\(see)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7688 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
1.4796 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(detected)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(signal)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(thereby)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(increased)Tj
3.9968 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(the)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 356.485 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Flip-flop)Tj
3.7063 0 Td
(method:)Tj
3.7772 0 Td
(A)Tj
0.8787 0 Td
(new)Tj
2.0197 0 Td
(T1-weighte)Tj
4.8615 0 Td
(d)Tj
0.7653 0 Td
(flow-MRI)Tj
4.1103 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3677 0 Td
(plants)Tj
2.8347 0 Td
(studies)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01948)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(45)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(March)Tj
2.9622 0 Td
(29,)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(2018)Tj
34.3562 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
30 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
31 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
32 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
33 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
34 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
35 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
36 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
37 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
38 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
39 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
40 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(14)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 15 0 R/Annots 48 0 R/Contents 49 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
47 0 obj
<>stream
x_?yWEo+i$ec!N6MM6.K܅4NPJ+- "`'u-bD8V0XɅJ]ni>=>g3333/3gys^|μϙA @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @`/#>=1@ @ pO?%OR @ @ 3 <@/9*6
A @ F8r ] @ @ *4fec @ &qRca7 @ @ |45qk> @ @ QH,/hMG @ ,@믿 @ @ ?)ESťXΝ;g@ @ @ !Ghjߡ[f@ @ A@I/G^|Ex @ @ ^}ը$*H@ @ @sHKzzGrUV|@ @ pIBN2t @ D cOJ1@ @ @ yYZ>B @ KeM[3f! @ @ 7x7hG@ @ kt5B @ ;wk: @ @`AФ_}A @ @ 8 JtݓtnB @ ,H@Zӂ<1@ @ L5=sgfB! @ @ (jMO?