Oil palm performance under water stress: background to the problem, first results and research approaches

Cornaire B., Daniel Claude, Zuily Fodil Yasmine, Lamade Emmanuelle. 1995. Oil palm performance under water stress: background to the problem, first results and research approaches. In : Proceedings of the 1993 PORIM international palm oil congress "Update and vision". Agriculture. Jalami Sukaimi (ed.), Ariffin Darus (ed.), Rajanaidu Nookiah (ed.), Mohd Tayeb Dolmat (ed.), Paranjothy K. (ed.), Mohd Basri Wahid (ed.), Henson I.E. (ed.). Kuala Lumpur : PORIM, 159-172. PORIM International Palm Oil Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie, 20 Septembre 1993/25 Septembre 1993.

Autre titre : Comportement du palmier à huile sous stress hydrique : contexte du problème, premiers résultats et approches de la recherche

Note générale : Publié aussi dans "Oléagineux", 1994, vol. 49, n.1

Résumé : Les techniques culturales visant à prevenir la sécheresse ou à en atténuer les effets peuvent être utiles mais trouvent rapidement leurs limites. L'amélioration des performances du matériel végétal planté est donc la solution d'avenir dans les zones de culture caractérisées par d'intenses déficites hydriques. Cette amélioration nécessite un accroissement des connaissances sur le fonctionnement et la physiologie du palmier à huile en conditions de stress hydrique. Cette approche intègre des facteurs divers : développement racinaire, régulation stomatique, état hydrique de la plante, activité photosynthétique et mode de répartition des assimilats, réserves glucidiques et leur mobilisation, résistance cellulaire (rigidité et composition des membranes). Tous ces travaux doivent être poursuivis simultanément aux stades du semenceau et de la plante au champ pour un même type de matériel génétique, de manière à déterminer les critères valides dés le début du développement, et ainsi mettre au point des tests précoces de performance des croisements en période de sécheresse

Résumé (autre langue) : Oil palm yields are closely linked to water supply, which can, if too deficient, threaten tree survival. The ways of preventing or reducing the effects of drought; bare soil or irrigated oil palm plantations, crown lightening; rapidly reach their limits on both technical and economic levels. The detection of differences in tree performance in the field according to genetic origin and cross type, partly independent of their production potential, means that the genetic approach has a good prospect for successively identifying crosses and parents that perform well, determining the phenological and physiological characteristics linked to performance and steering breeding programmes accordingly, both for the general oil palm genetic improvement programme and for seed and/or ramet production. The first studies rapidly confirmed that the sought-after character of "good performance with respect to drought" had to be due to a combination of several phenological or physiological characteristics. This necessitates an extensive knowledge of the phenomena linked to plant suffering and drought resistance. To date, the study of plant water relations and its regulation has not. given any definite results, except for a tendency in resistant crosses to maintain lower stomatal conductance levels during the dry season. According to certain observations, it would seem that resistant crosses have more extensive carbohydrate reserves that can be mobilized easily in times of stress. These observations are not unrelated to those concerning photosynthetic potential, which is often higher in tolerant material. Photosynthetic potential and carbon allocation patterns could explain why there are crosses that do not fit in with the inverse relationship observed between root system development and production levels. Furthermore, it is generally acknowledged that drought tolerance is a function of root system development. As research stands at present, it would seem that the membrane characteristics of cells and cellular organalles play a predominant role in drought resistance phenomena. This approach involves studying membrane composition, particularly fatty acids. The first results for oil palm seem to confirm those obtained with coconut. A look at the work carried out in recent years reveals a few characteristics that are essential in trees from a given cross if they are to have a good chance of performing well under drought conditions. This work will have to be fine-tuned still further with a view to identifying individuals at the seedling stage and developing so called "early" tests for characterizing planting material.

Mots-clés Agrovoc : Elaeis guineensis, résistance à la sécheresse, stress dû à la sécheresse, amélioration des plantes, relation plante eau, photosynthèse, membrane cellulaire, composition chimique, système racinaire, critère de sélection, réponse de la plante

Classification Agris : H50 - Troubles divers des plantes
F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale
F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes

Auteurs et affiliations

• Cornaire B.
• Daniel Claude
• Zuily Fodil Yasmine
• Lamade Emmanuelle ORCID: 0000-0002-4909-0997

Source : Cirad - Agritrop (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/387878/)

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