Mixed outcomes from conservation practices on soils and Striga-affected yields of a low-input, rice-maize system in Madagascar

Rodenburg Jonne, Randrianjafizanaka Meva Tahiry, Büchi Lucie, Dieng Ibnou, Andrianaivo Alain-Paul, Raveloson-Ravaomanarivo Lala Harivelo, Autfray Patrice. 2020. Mixed outcomes from conservation practices on soils and Striga-affected yields of a low-input, rice-maize system in Madagascar. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 40:8, 11 p.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-0612-0

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Résumé : On upland soils in tropical Africa, common production constraints of rice and maize on smallholder farms are poor soil fertility—resulting from soil erosion and nutrient depletion—and infestation by witchweeds (Striga spp.). In Madagascar where these crops are often grown in rotation, combining legume cover crops with no-till and crop residue mulching—labelled conservation agriculture (CA)—may address these problems. Previously, it was shown that CA practices contribute to steep reductions in Striga asiatica infection. In the current study, a 4-year field experiment was conducted to test, for the first time, the hypothesis that CA practices also contribute to crop yield and soil improvements under Striga-infested conditions. The conventional mono-crop rice–maize rotation practice, involving seasonal tillage and crop residue removal, was compared to three rice–maize rotation systems following CA practices, each with a different legume cover crop option: (1) two short-cycle annual species, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and mucuna (Mucuna pruriens); (2) a long-cycle annual, ricebean (Vigna umbellata); and (3) a perennial, stylosanthes (S. guianensis). Rice yields, as well as yield variability, generally increased by changing from the conventional to a CA practice, and maize yields were variable and low in particular under the CA practices. CA practices significantly reduced soil displacement by rainwater runoff and increased soil nitrogen and pH levels (0–20 cm depth), in particular with stylosanthes as cover crop, but did not result in a significant change in soil organic carbon concentration. Rice yields correlated negatively with Striga asiatica plant numbers in years with moderate infection levels. This is the first study that shows mixed outcomes from CA practices in tropical cereal rotation systems on degraded, Striga-infested soils, and subsequent entry points for system improvements. Suggested improvements include judicious cover crop management, complementary fertilizer applications and selection of competitive, resistant and adapted crop varieties.

Mots-clés Agrovoc : agriculture de conservation, conservation des sols, plante de couverture, Striga asiatica, Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna umbellata, Mucuna pruriens, Stylosanthes guianensis

Mots-clés géographiques Agrovoc : Madagascar

Mots-clés libres : Conservation agriculture, Soil conservation, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Striga asiatica

Classification Agris : F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture
P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols
H60 - Mauvaises herbes et désherbage

Champ stratégique Cirad : CTS 2 (2019-) - Transitions agroécologiques

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