Quantitative approach of oil palm phenology in different environments for Deli x La Mé and Deli and Yangambi Deli materials. Investigations in the inflorescences cycles process

Lamade Emmanuelle, Bonnot François, Kabul Pamin, Setiyo Indra Eko. 1998. Quantitative approach of oil palm phenology in different environments for Deli x La Mé and Deli and Yangambi Deli materials. Investigations in the inflorescences cycles process. . IOPRI. Bali : IOPRI, 22 p. International Oil Palm Conference, Bali, Indonésie, 23 Septembre 1998/25 Septembre 1998.

Résumé : In order to get a better understanding for the oil palm of the organogenesis rhythm and sexualisation cycles, precise weekly phenological observations have been carried out during 3 to 6 years - taking into account for each palm tree : the date of leaf emission, the date of rank one, the date of anthesis, the sex of the axil inflorescence, the date of harvest ...- in Côte d'Ivoire on the control family LM2T x DA 10D and also in North Sumatra on a La Mé x Deli and a Yangambi x Deli families. It is theoretically possible through the processing of data to compare environmental effect and genetic effect on the vegetative development and the sexualisation. Interesting results have been pointed out concerning comparative rate of leaf development and inflorescence. Significant differences have been highlighted between La Mé x Deli (18.32 days) and Yangambi x Deli (15.40 days) for the time interval of the succession of the leaf rank “one” in same environment. For the female anthesis time interval, differences may be pointed out only between Côte d'Ivoire (16.59 days) and Indonesia (20.6 days). But for the time interval of the male anthesis, different situation may be observed.palm trees of Yangambi x Deli origin show first, shorter time interval (14.56 days) than La Mé x Deli (16.51 days) in potential environment whereas similar pattern are shown by both trees of La M x Deli origin in Côte d'Ivoire and Indonesia.Male flowering seems to be related to genetics and female more to environmental effect. Maturation time (time interval from anthesis to harvest) pointed out essentially environmental effect : significantly shorter in Côte d'Ivoire (161.73 days) than in Indonesia (172.94 for La Mé x Deli and 178.19 days for Yangambi x Deli ). Correlation have been found between the lenght of the maturation of the inflorescences and the weight of the bunches. Significant differences may be observed between mean weight of bunches with 15.5 kg of fresh weight for LM2T x DA 10D, 19.22 kg for La Mé x Deli in Marihat and 24.28 kg for Yangambi x Deli in same conditions. Interval time between the anthesis of the inflorescence coming from the leaf axils and the same leaf fully openned at rank one is a very interesting variable : seasonnals trends may be observed for all the studied trees both in Ivory Coast and in Indonesia related to environmental factors as rainfall and radiation. For this same variable significant difference have been carried out, as far as female inflorescence are concerned, between Côte d'Ivoire (274.59 days) and Indonesia (244.77 days). For the male inflorescences, time interval is significantly shorter (Côte d'Ivoire : 257.76 days; Indonesia : 237.01 days) with same trends already observed for female inflorescence. It seems that for carbon allocation to reproductive sink, delay is much more important that any priorities rules... It seems that to fill a sink, rate of photosynthetic carbon flux is constant. The lenght of the filling period will allow differences in the elaboration of a male or a female and also for bigger bunches. As far as leaf emission, anthesis, harvesting are concerned, strong seasonal effect for each tree and for each family in both environment, Côte d'Ivoire and Indonesia, may be pointed out. In Indonesia, leaf emission annual trend for both studied families follow quite well rainfall distribution with a peak in May but a strong decrease in September at the begining of the rainy period. Harvesting peak, in Indonesia may be observed in June/July for both studied families. For the month of male and female anthesis, in Indonesia, there is a small delay between La Mé x Deli and Yangambi x Deli (around 10 days). Sexualisation cycles have been investigated for the three families. Concerning the respective proportion of abortion (when no inflorescence is observed at the leaf axil : this one is quite constant (around 13 % on all observed inflorescences) for both environment Côte d'Ivoire and Indonesia and for all genetic origin La Mé x Deli and Yangambi.x Deli The origin La Mé x 3 Deli in Indonesia shows the hightest female rate (53.58%) and Yangambi x Deli , even in potential conditions, the hightest male production (57.68%). Sex ratio seems to be strongly related to genetics. Successive sexual sequences have been studied, mainly composed by 3 elements as FFF, MMM or FFM, MMF and so on. Hypothesis of dependance at first level have been tested for all studied families. Under assumptions for LM2T x DA10D, it is possible to say that the sexe of an inflorescence is strongly related to the previous one, if this one is not an abortion. For the indonesian material this dependance is only true if the previous is, in that case, an abortion. In general it is possible to consider two previous levels to be secure enough to predict the sex of the new forthcoming inflorescence. Abortion seems to play an important role, even out of drastic environmental conditions, in the regulation of the sexualisation.

Mots-clés libres : Oil palm, Phenology, Ivory Coast, Indonesia, Inflorescences cycles

Auteurs et affiliations

• Lamade Emmanuelle, CIRAD-CP-PALMIER (FRA) ORCID: 0000-0002-4909-0997
• Bonnot François, CIRAD-CP-DIR (FRA)
• Kabul Pamin, IOPRI (IDN)
• Setiyo Indra Eko, IOPRI (IDN)

Source : Cirad-Agritrop (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/600433/)

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