A network-based method to detect patterns of local crop biodiversity: Validation at the species and infra-species levels

Thomas Mathieu, Verzelen Nicolas, Barbillon Pierre, Coomes Oliver T., Caillon Sophie, McKey Doyle B., Elias Marianne, De Garine Eric, Raimond Christine, Jarvis Devra, Wencelius Jean, Leclerc Christian, Labeyrie Vanesse, Hung Cuong Pham, Nguyen Thi Hue, Sthapit Bhuwon, Rana Ram Bahadur, Barnaud Adeline, Violon Chloé, Arias Reyes Luis Manuel, Latournerie Moreno Luis, De Santis Paola, Massol François. 2015. A network-based method to detect patterns of local crop biodiversity: Validation at the species and infra-species levels. In : Ecosystem services from biodiversity to society, Part 1. Woodward Guy (ed)., Bohan David A. (ed.). Londres : Academic Press, 259-320. (Advances in Ecological Research, 53) ISBN 978-0-12-803885-7

https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.10.002

Chapitre d'ouvrage

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Résumé : In this chapter, we develop new indicators and statistical tests to characterize patterns of crop diversity at local scales to better understand interactions between ecological and socio-cultural functions of agroecosystems. Farms, where a large number of crops (species or landraces) is grown, are known to contribute a large part of the locally available diversity of both rare and common crops but the role of farms with low diversity remains little understood: do they grow only common varieties—following a nestedness pattern typical of mutualistic networks in ecology—or do 'crop–poor' farmers also grow rare varieties? This question is pivotal in ongoing efforts to assess the local-scale contribution of small farms to global agrobiodiversity. We develop new network-based approaches to characterize the distribution of local crop diversity (species and infra-species) at the village level and to validate these approaches using meta-datasets from 10 countries. Our results highlight the sources of heterogeneity in crop diversity at the village level. We often identify two or more groups of farms based on their different levels of diversity. In some datasets, 'crop–poor' farms significantly contribute to the local crop diversity. Generally, we find that the distribution of crop diversity is more heterogeneous at the species than at the infra-species level. This analysis reveals the absence of a general pattern of crop diversity distribution, suggesting strong dependence on local agro-ecological and socio-cultural contexts. These different patterns of crop diversity distribution reflect an heterogeneity in farmers' self-organized action in cultivating and maintaining local crop diversity, which ensures the adaptability of agroecosystems to global change.

Mots-clés Agrovoc : diversification, plante de culture, espèce, réseau, agroécosystème, biodiversité, petite exploitation agricole, petit agriculteur, modèle mathématique, semence, troc, étude de cas