Ville et dynamique de l'offre de soins: Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

Meunier-Nikiema Aude, Karama Fatou, Kassie Daouda, Fournet Florence. 2015. Ville et dynamique de l'offre de soins: Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Revue Francophone sur la Santé et les Territoires, 16 p.

Titre anglais : Health care supply and the city: Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

Résumé : L'urbanisation dans les pays du sud expose les territoires urbains à des changements démographiques, économiques, sociaux et environnementaux qui renouvèlent les enjeux de santé. Au Burkina Faso, la politique sanitaire a pour but de rapprocher les populations des équipements de soins. Elle s'appuie sur de nouveaux découpages, les districts sanitaires et les communes, responsables depuis la communalisation intégrale, des structures de soins de base. La répartition de l'offre de soins à Bobo-Dioulasso, seconde ville du Burkina Faso, est observée en lien avec la croissance urbaine. A partir de la géolocalisation des équipements, leur répartition spatiale est étudiée : selon des ellipses de dispersion pour les périodes de création, selon la méthode du plus proche voisin et de l'indice de Ripley pour le statut. A la dispersion spatiale des structures publiques, guidée par la politique de soins, s'oppose la concentration spatiale du privé. Malgré les rythmes de création différents, l'équipement ne semble pas se faire en adéquation avec le rythme de croissance urbaine.

Résumé (autre langue) : More than 50% of the world's population lives in cities, and the urbanization process continues to proceed, especially in southern countries. This demographic trend, and associated economic, social and environmental dynamics, gives rise to medical challenges in urban areas. In the 1990's, several African countries responded by establishing health districts in order to better serve population needs, and in so doing placed greater emphasis on the local scale. In Burkina Faso, health districts have had responsibility for primary health care since 2003, as part of a broader communalization policy, and their boundaries follow those of the municipalities spatial limits . This study investigated the characterization and localization of modern health-care structures in Bobo-Dioulasso, the second city of Burkina Faso. Although Bobo-Dioulasso profited from public investment and infrastructure, the growth of the city was irregular and sporadic, which contributed to the development of peripheries dominated by informal settlements (or " spontaneous habitats "). As for health care, the public sector is present at the point of first contact, but private structures dominate as one progresses up the medical hierarchy, raising fears for accessibility (figure). Data were integrated in a geographical information system (GIS). The spatial dispersal of the health-care structures was analyzed using a method based on the standard deviation ellipse (SDE). The standard distance and the distance to the nearest neighbour were also used, in order to highlight importance of the distance in the spatial distribution of healthcentres and in behaviours of users. Kernel density analysis was conducted for each kind of health-care supply (public or private). Confused urban policies were highlighted by changes in the ellipse axis orientation. Privileged spaces were identified from the ellipsoidal form of the dispersion, suggesting that urban sprawl was not linked with this organisation of the health care system. The presence of a primary health-care structure in each urban sector is one of the criteria for location of public health-care supply, explaining its territorial scattering. Though social and spatial equity rules governed the public sector provision of primary health care, lucrative private sector facilities exhibited aggregation: they were confined to the central area and its immediate periphery. This suggests that the health care needs of populations on the margins of the city are not satisfied, and are not regarded as not creditworthy.

Mots-clés Agrovoc : santé publique, cartographie, equipement médical, soins de santé, zone urbaine, ville, population urbaine, politique sanitaire, distribution spatiale, urbanisation

Mots-clés géographiques Agrovoc : Burkina Faso, Afrique occidentale

Mots-clés libres : Villes, Dynamique, Soins, Bobo-Dioulasso

Classification Agris : S50 - Santé humaine

Champ stratégique Cirad : Axe 4 (2014-2018) - Santé des animaux et des plantes

Auteurs et affiliations

• Meunier-Nikiema Aude, Institut des Sciences des Sociétés (BFA)
• Karama Fatou, Université de Ouagadougou (BFA)
• Kassie Daouda, CIRAD-ES-UPR AGIRs (FRA) ORCID: 0000-0001-6340-9610
• Fournet Florence, IRD (FRA)

Source : Cirad-Agritrop (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/584185/)

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