Overview of lethal yellowing disease in the world

Myrie Wayne, Yankey Egya Ndede, Pilet Fabian, Dickinson Mathhew, Oropeza Carlos, Bertaccini Assunta. 2022. Overview of lethal yellowing disease in the world. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes, 12 (1) : p. 66. TROPICSAFE Final Conference, San Giuliano, France, 3 Avril 2022/5 Avril 2022.

https://doi.org/10.5958/2249-4677.2022.00031.7

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Résumé : Descriptions of lethal yellowing (LY) in coconut plants were documented in the late 19th century in the Caribbean region, but the first widespread devastation of coconuts due to LY took place in Jamaica during the 1960s. Subsequently, reports of LY began to emerge in other countries such as the USA (Florida), Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, and various other Caribbean islands including Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic and St. Kitts and Nevis in the Leeward Island, Antigua and Barbuda and St. Maarten. Similar diseases known collectively as lethal yellowing-type syndromes have also been described elsewhere in the tropics. In West Africa: Awka wilt in Nigeria, Cape St. Paul wilt in Ghana and Ivory Coast, Kaïncopé in Togo, and Kribi in Cameroon. In East Africa, a lethal disease also occurs in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. Bogia syndrome in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands and a lethal wilt in Australia have been described. In spite of the different names the disease symptoms are very similar, while the associated phytoplasmas are diverse in the various geographic areas. Five 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species are reported as associated with lethal yellowing syndromes in palms in the diverse continents: 'Ca. P. palmicola' and 'Ca. P. cocostanzaniae' in Africa, 'Ca. P. palmae' in America, 'Ca. noviguineense' and 'Ca. P. dypsidis' in Papua New Guinea and Australia. Other non-lethal yellowing phytoplasma-associated diseases are described in coconut in south and south-east Asia, such as Weligama wilt in Sri Lanka and Kerala wilt in India, and in different palm species such as oil palm, date palm and arecanut palm in Colombia, Indian subcontinent, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait where 'Ca. P. asteris', 'Ca. P. oryzae', 'Ca. P. wodyetiae' and 'Ca. P. cynodontis' were respectively reported (Yankey et al., 2018 ). Although the transmission of phytoplasmas to and among palms has been intensively studied, to date the only insect vector identified is Haplaxius crudus proved to transmit 'Ca. P. palmae' in America. For this phytoplasma the possibility of embryo transmission was also recently proved. For all the other reported lethal yellowing syndromes there is scattered information about possible insect vectors and some of these in both Africa and America have only recently been reported. The management of these diseases is mainly through integrated management approaches including monitoring to detect palms with early LY symptoms, elimination of these palms as soon as they are detected, replanting and weeding. Search for resistant varieties appears however the long lasting approach to be pursued together with the continuous monitoring of phytoplasma strains present in the diverse areas.

Mots-clés Agrovoc : maladie des plantes, phytoplasme, distribution géographique, épidémiologie, transmission des maladies, souche microbiologique

Mots-clés complémentaires : Jaunissement mortel, Candidatus phytoplasma

Mots-clés libres : Candidatus Phytoplasma, Epidemiology, Geographic distribution, Strains

Classification Agris : H20 - Maladies des plantes
C30 - Documentation et information

Champ stratégique Cirad : CTS 4 (2019-) - Santé des plantes, des animaux et des écosystèmes

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