How to meet nutritional recommendations and reduce diet environmental impact in the Mediterranean region? An optimization study to identify more sustainable diets in Tunisia

Perignon Marlène, Sinfort Carole, El Ati Jalila, Traissac Pierre, Drogué Sophie, Darmon Nicole, Amiot Marie Josèphe, Achir Nawel, Alouane L., Bellagha Sihem, Bosc Pierre-Marie, Broin Mélanie, Darmon Nicole, Dhuique-Mayer Claudie, Dop Marie-Claude, Drogué Sophie, Dury Sandrine, Ferchoui A., Gaillard Cédric, et al.. 2019. How to meet nutritional recommendations and reduce diet environmental impact in the Mediterranean region? An optimization study to identify more sustainable diets in Tunisia. Global Food Security, 23 : 227-235.

Quartile : Q1, Sujet : FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Résumé : Tunisia is a typical country of the Mediterranean region where high prevalence of overweight, obesity and non-communicable diseases co-exist with some micronutrient deficiencies, and diet-related environmental issues must be addressed. Individual food choices may influence both health and environment. The aim of this study was to identify diets that are nutritionally adequate, culturally acceptable, and with low environmental impact for Tunisian adults. Individual dietary data from a national Tunisian survey on food consumption (n = 7209, 35–70 years) and the national food composition table were used to estimate the food and nutritional content of the mean observed (OBS) diet. The diet environmental impact was assessed through seven metrics: water deprivation, land-use, land-use potential impacts on biodiversity loss, erosion resistance, mechanical filtration, groundwater replenishment, and biotic production. Quadratic optimization models were implemented to obtain diets that met the nutritional recommendations, and concomitantly respected increasingly stringent environmental constraints and minimized the departure from the OBS diet. Without environmental constraints, the nutritional recommendations were met by increasing the amount of dairy, starch and vegetables, and decreasing foods high in fat/salt/sugar (HFSS) and added fat. Compared with the OBS diet, the environmental impact of this diet increased: +32% for water deprivation and +46–48% for land use and its impacts. When a moderate environmental impact reduction (≤30%) was added to the nutritional constraints, the dietary changes at the food group level were similar to those required to reach nutritional adequacy, except for a progressive decrease in meat/fish/egg quantities. Animal-based product contributions to the total energy and protein content were close or slightly lower than in OBS diet, but a redistribution of sources was required: less meat in favor of dairy, egg and fish products. Stronger reductions (≥40%) required substantial changes that might compromise the optimized diet acceptability. Targeting a nutritionally adequate diet without considering its environmental impact might increase water deprivation, land use and its impacts on biodiversity and soil quality. In Tunisia, moving towards healthy diets with lower environmental impact relied more on redistributing the sources of animal-based products rather than on reducing their total contribution, together with a decrease of HFSS and added fats, and an increase of vegetables. Actions to favor the adoption of such dietary changes by consumers should be explored to promote more sustainable diets in the Mediterranean region.

Mots-clés Agrovoc : nutrition, régime alimentaire équilibré, agriculture durable, gestion foncière durable, conservation de l'eau, analyse multivariée

Mots-clés géographiques Agrovoc : Tunisie, région méditerranéenne

Mots-clés libres : Nutrition, Sustainability, Diet, Optimization, Mathematical programming, Multi-criteria analysis, Tunisia, Water footprint Biodiversity, Land-use, Food consumption, Dietary shifts, Mediterranean region

Classification Agris : S30 - Régimes alimentaires et maladies nutritionnelles
S50 - Santé humaine
P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion
U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques

Champ stratégique Cirad : CTS 3 (2019-) - Systèmes alimentaires

Auteurs et affiliations

• Perignon Marlène, Université de Montpellier (FRA)
• Sinfort Carole, Montpellier SupAgro (FRA)
• El Ati Jalila, National Institute of Nutrition (TUN)
• Traissac Pierre, IRD (FRA)
• Drogué Sophie, INRA (FRA)
• Darmon Nicole, Université de Montpellier (FRA)
• Amiot Marie Josèphe, INRA (FRA)
• Achir Nawel, Montpellier SupAgro (FRA)
• Alouane L., INNTA (TUN)
• Bellagha Sihem, INAT (TUN)
• Bosc Pierre-Marie, Université de Montpellier (FRA) ORCID: 0000-0003-2484-899X
• Broin Mélanie, Agropolis (FRA)
• Darmon Nicole, Université de Montpellier (FRA)
• Dhuique-Mayer Claudie, CIRAD-PERSYST-UMR Qualisud (FRA) ORCID: 0000-0001-7153-2897
• Dop Marie-Claude, IRD (FRA)
• Drogué Sophie, INRA (FRA)
• Dury Sandrine, CIRAD-ES-UMR MOISA (FRA) ORCID: 0000-0001-9052-6441
• Ferchoui A., Université de Montpellier (FRA)
• Gaillard Cédric, CIRAD-ES-UMR MOISA (FRA) ORCID: 0000-0002-4676-3586
• et al.

Source : Cirad-Agritrop (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/598888/)

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