Résultats pour Auteur : "Couteron, Pierre"

Automated landform classification and mapping using a combined textural-morphometric approach: The Congo basin and surroundings. Viennois Gaëlle, Bétard François, Freycon Vincent, Barbier Nicolas, Couteron Pierre. 2022. Journal of Geomorphology, 1 (1) : 79-102.

Unmanned aerial vehicle for the assessment of woody and herbaceous phytomass in Sahelian savanna. Bossoukpe Marina, Ndiaye Ousmane, Diatta Ousmane, Diatta Sekouna, Audebert Alain, Couteron Pierre, Leroux Louise, Diouf Abdoul Aziz, Dendoncker Morgane, Faye Emile, Taugourdeau Simon. 2021. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 74 (4) : 199-205.

Using model analysis to unveil hidden patterns in tropical forest structures. Picard Nicolas, Mortier Frédéric, Ploton Pierre, Liang Jingjing, Derroire Géraldine, Bastin Jean-François, Ayyappan Narayanan, Bénédet Fabrice, Boyemba Bosela Faustin, Clark Connie J., Crowther Thomas W., Engone Obiang Nestor Laurier, Forni Eric, Harris David, Ngomanda Alfred, Poulsen John R., Sonké Bonaventure, Couteron Pierre, Gourlet-Fleury Sylvie. 2021. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9:599200, 13 p.

A minimalistic model of vegetation physiognomies in the savanna biome. Yatat Djeumen Ivric Valaire, Dumont Yves, Doizy Anna, Couteron Pierre. 2021. Ecological Modelling, 440:109381, 24 p.

Leveraging signatures of plant functional strategies in wood density profiles of African trees to correct mass estimations from terrestrial laser data. Momo Takoudjou Stéphane, Ploton Pierre, Martin-Ducup Olivier, Lehnebach Romain, Fortunel Claire, Takougoum Sagang Le Bienfaiteur, Boyemba Faustin, Couteron Pierre, Fayolle Adeline, Libalah Moses, Loumeto Jean-Joël, Medjibé Vincent, Ngomanda Alfred, Obiang Diosdado, Pélissier Raphaël, Rossi Vivien, Yongo Olga Diane, Sonké Bonaventure, Barbier Nicolas. 2020. Scientific Reports, 10:2001, 11 p.

Terrestrial laser scanning reveals convergence of tree architecture with increasingly dominant crown canopy position. Martin-Ducup Olivier, Ploton Pierre, Barbier Nicolas, Momo Takoudjou Stéphane, Mofack Gislain II, Kamdem Narcisse Guy, Fourcaud Thierry, Sonké Bonaventure, Couteron Pierre, Pélissier Raphaël. 2020. Functional Ecology, 34 (12) : 2442-2452.

UAV-based canopy textures assess changes in forest structure from long-term degradation. Bourgoin Clément, Betbeder Julie, Couteron Pierre, Blanc Lilian, Dessard Hélène, Oszwald Johan, Le Roux Renan, Cornu Guillaume, Reymondin Louis, Mazzei Lucas, Sist Plinio, Läderach Peter, Gond Valéry. 2020. Ecological Indicators, 115:106386, 11 p.

Disturbance regimes drive the diversity of regional floristic pools across Guianan rainforest landscapes. Guitet Stéphane, Sabatier Damien, Brunaux Olivier, Couteron Pierre, Denis Thomas, Freycon Vincent, Gonzalez Sophie, Herault Bruno, Jaouen Gaëlle, Molino Jean-François, Pélissier Raphaël, Richard-Hansen Cécile, Vincent Grégoire. 2018. Scientific Reports, 8:3872, 12 p.

Spatially explicit modelling of tree-grass interactions in fire-prone savannas: A partial differential equations framework. Yatat Valaire, Couteron Pierre, Dumont Yves. 2018. Ecological Complexity, 36 : 290-313.

Using textural analysis for regional landform and landscape mapping, Eastern Guiana Shield. Bugnicourt Pierre, Guitet Stéphane, Santos Valdenira, Blanc Lilian, Sotta Eleneide Doff, Barbier Nicolas, Couteron Pierre. 2018. Geomorphology, 37 : 23-44.

A regional allometry for the Congo basin forests based on the largest ever destructive sampling. Fayolle Adeline, Ngomanda Alfred, Mbasi Michel, Barbier Nicolas, Bocko Yannick, Boyemba Bosela Faustin, Couteron Pierre, Fonton Noël Houédougbé, Kamdem Narcisse Guy, Katembo John, Kondaoule Henriette Josiane, Loumeto Jean-Joël, Maïdou Hervé, Mankou Géraud Sidoine, Mengui Thomas, Mofack Gislain II, Moundounga Cynel, Moundounga Mavouroulou Quentin, Nguimbous Lydie, Nsue Nchama Norbeto, Obiang Diosdado, Ondo Meye Asue Francisco, Picard Nicolas, Rossi Vivien, Senguela Yvon-Patrick, Sonké Bonaventure, Viard Lionel, Yongo Olga Diane, Zapfack Louis, Medjibé Vincent. 2018. Forest Ecology and Management, 430 : 228-240.

A tribute to the use of minimalistic spatially-implicit models of savanna vegetation dynamics to address broad spatial scales in spite of scarce data. Yatat Djeumen Ivric Valaire, Tchuinte Tamen Alexis, Dumont Yves, Couteron Pierre. 2018. Biomath, 7 (2):1812167, 29 p.

Toward a general tropical forest biomass prediction model from very high resolution optical satellite images. Ploton Pierre, Barbier Nicolas, Couteron Pierre, Antin Cécile, Ayyappan Narayanan, Balachandran N., Barathan N., Bastin Jean-François, Chuyong George B., Dauby Gilles, Droissart Vincent, Gastellu Etchegorry Jean-Philippe, Kamdem Narcisse Guy, Kenfack David, Libalah Moses, Mofack Gislain II, Momo S.T., Pargal S., Petronelli Pascal, Proisy Christophe, Rejou-Mechain Maxime, Sonké Bonaventure, Texier Nicolas, Thomas Duncan, Verley Philippe, Zebaze Dongmo D., Berger Uta, Pélissier Raphaël. 2017. Remote Sensing of Environment, 200 : 140-153.

An impulsive modelling framework of fire occurrence in a size-structured model of tree–grass interactions for savanna ecosystems. Yatat Valaire, Couteron Pierre, Tewa Jean Jules, Bowong Samuel, Dumont Yves. 2017. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 74 (6) : 1425-1482.

A minimalistic model of tree-grass interactions using impulsive differential equations and non-linear feedback functions of grass biomass onto fire-induced tree mortality. Tchuinte Tamen Alexis, Dumont Yves, Tewa Jean Jules, Bowong Samuel, Couteron Pierre. 2017. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 133 : 265-297.

Closing a gap in tropical forest biomass estimation: Taking crown mass variation into account in pantropical allometries. Ploton Pierre, Barbier Nicolas, Momo S.T., Rejou-Mechain Maxime, Boyemba Bosela Faustin, Chuyong George B., Dauby Gilles, Droissart Vincent, Fayolle Adeline, Goodman Rosa C., Henry Matieu, Kamdem N.G., Katembo Mukirania J., Kenfack David, Libalah M., Ngomanda Alfred, Rossi Vivien, Sonké Bonaventure, Texier Nicolas, Thomas D.W., Zebaze Donatien, Couteron Pierre, Berger Uta, Pélissier Raphaël. 2016. Biogeosciences, 13 : 1571-1585.

Contrasted allometries between stem diameter, crown area, and tree height in five tropical biogeographic areas. Blanchard Elodie, Birnbaum Philippe, Ibanez Thomas, Boutreux Thomas, Antin Cécile, Ploton Pierre, Vincent Grégoire, Pouteau Robin, Vandrot Hervé, Hequet Vanessa, Barbier Nicolas, Droissart Vincent, Sonké Bonaventure, Texier Nicolas, Kamdem Narcisse Guy, Zebaze Donatien, Libalah Moses, Couteron Pierre. 2016. Trees, 30 (6) : 1953-1968.

Geomorphic control of rain-forest floristic composition in French Guiana: more than a soil filtering effect? Guitet Stéphane, Freycon Vincent, Brunaux Olivier, Pélissier Raphaël, Sabatier Daniel, Couteron Pierre. 2016. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 32 (1) : 22-40.

Interactions of pulsed fires and water in tree--grass savanna ecosystems. Tchuinte Tamen Alexis, Dumont Yves, Bowong Samuel, Tewa Jean Jules, Couteron Pierre. 2016. Biomath Communications, 3 (1), 1 p. International Conference on Mathematical Methods and Models in Biosciences and School for Young Scientists, Blagoevgrad, Bulgarie, 19 Juin 2016/25 Juin 2016.

Tree–grass interaction dynamics and pulsed fires: Mathematical and numerical studies. Tchuinte Tamen Alexis, Dumont Yves, Tewa Jean Jules, Bowong Samuel, Couteron Pierre. 2016. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 40 (11-12) : 6165-6197.

Impulsive modelling for tree-grass interactions in fire-prone savanna. Yatat Djeumen Ivric Valaire, Couteron Pierre, Tewa Jean Jules, Bowong Samuel, Dumont Yves. 2015. Biomath Communications, 2 (1), Résumé, 1 p. International Conference on Mathematical methods and Models in Biosciences and Young Scientists School, Pretoria, Afrique du Sud, 12 Juillet 2015/17 Juillet 2015.

Modelling fires as pulses in tree/grass interactions: study of long-term impact in forest-savanna dynamical systems. Tchuinte Tamen Alexis, Dumont Yves, Bowong Samuel, Tewa Jean Jules, Couteron Pierre. 2015. Biomath Communications, 2 (1), Résumé, 1 p. International Conference on Mathematical methods and Models in Biosciences and Young Scientists School, Pretoria, Afrique du Sud, 12 Juillet 2015/17 Juillet 2015.

Prédire la structure des forêts tropicales humides calédoniennes : analyse texturale de la canopée sur des images Pléiades. Blanchard Elodie, Birnbaum Philippe, Proisy Christophe, Ibanez Thomas, Vandrot Hervé, Chambrey Céline, Hequet Vanessa, Couteron Pierre. 2015. Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection (209) : 141-147.

Seeing Central African forests through their largest trees. Bastin Jean-François, Barbier Nicolas, Rejou-Mechain Maxime, Fayolle Adeline, Gourlet-Fleury Sylvie, Maniatis Danae, De Haulleville Thales, Baya Fidèle, Beeckman Hans, Beina Denis, Couteron Pierre, Chuyong George B., Dauby Gilles, Doucet Jean-Louis, Droissart Vincent, Dufrêne M., Ewango Corneille, Gillet Jean-François, Gonmadje Christelle Flore, Hart T., Kavali T., Kenfack David, Libalah Moses, Malhi Yadvinder, Makana Jean-Rémy, Pélissier Raphaël, Ploton Pierre, Serckx Adeline, Sonké Bonaventure, Stévart Tariq, Thomas D.W., De Cannière Charles, Bogaert Jan. 2015. Scientific Reports, 5 (1):e13156, 8 p.

Spatial structure of above-ground biomass limits accuracy of carbon mapping in rainforest but large scale forest inventories can help to overcome. Guitet Stéphane, Herault Bruno, Molto Quentin, Brunaux Olivier, Couteron Pierre. 2015. PloS One, 10 (9):e013845, 22 p.

Mathematical analysis of a size structured tree-grass competition model for savanna ecosystems. Yatat Valaire, Dumont Yves, Tewa Jean Jules, Couteron Pierre, Bowong Samuel. 2014. Biomath, 3 (1), 18 p.

A generic modeling of fire impact in a tree-grass savanna model. Tchuinte Tamen Alexis, Tewa Jean Jules, Couteron Pierre, Bowong Samuel, Dumont Yves. 2014. Biomath, 3 (2) : 1-18.

Mapping local density of young Eucalyptus plantations by individual tree detection in high spatial resolution satellite images. Zhou Jia, Proisy Christophe, Descombes Xavier, Le Maire Guerric, Nouvellon Yann, Stape Jose Luiz, Viennois Gaëlle, Zerubia Josiane, Couteron Pierre. 2013. Forest Ecology and Management, 301 : 129-141.

Accuracy of small footprint airborne LiDAR in its predictions of tropical moist forest stand structure. Vincent Grégoire, Sabatier Daniel, Blanc Lilian, Chave Jérôme, Weissenbacher Emilien, Pélissier Raphaël, Fonty E., Molino Jean-François, Couteron Pierre. 2012. Remote Sensing of Environment, 125 : 23-33.

Détection des variations de structure de peuplements en forêt dense tropicale humide par Lidar aeroporte. Vincent Grégoire, Weissenbacher Emilien, Sabatier Damien, Blanc Lilian, Proisy Christophe, Couteron Pierre. 2010. Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection (191) : 42-51.

Regional variation in tropical forest tree species composition in the Central African Republic : An assessment based on inventories by forest companies. Rejou-Mechain Maxime, Pélissier Raphaël, Gourlet-Fleury Sylvie, Couteron Pierre, Nasi Robert, Thompson John D.. 2008. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 24 (6) : 663-674.

Textural approaches for vineyard detection and characterization using very high spatial resolution remote sensing data. Delenne Carole, Durrieu Sylvie, Rabatel Gilles, Deshayes Michel, Bailly Jean Stéphane, Lelong Camille, Couteron Pierre. 2008. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29 (4) : 1153-1167.

Textural ordination based on Fourier spectral decomposition: a method to analyze and compare landscape patterns. Couteron Pierre, Barbier Nicolas, Gautier Denis. 2006. Landscape Ecology, 21 (4) : 555-567.

Predicting tropical forest stand structure parameters from Fourier transform of very high-resolution remotely sensed canopy images. Couteron Pierre, Pélissier Raphaël, Nicolini Eric-André, Paget Dominique. 2005. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42 (6) : 1121-1128.

Pterocarpus lucens Lepr. dans la région de Banh (Nord-Ouest du Burkina Faso, Afrique occidentale). Importance pastorale et état actuel des peuplements. Couteron Pierre, D'Aquino Patrick, Ouedraogo I.M.O.. 1992. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 45 (2) : 179-190.

Biodiversité des écosystèmes intertropicaux. Connaissance, gestion durable et valorisation. Profizi Jean-Pierre (ed.), Ardila-Chauvet Stéphanie (ed.), Billot Claire (ed.), Couteron Pierre (ed.), Delmas Maïté (ed.), Hanh Diep Thi My (ed.), Grandcolas Philippe (ed.), Kokou Kouami (ed.), Muller Serge (ed.), Rana Anshuman Singh (ed.), Ranarijaona Hery Lisy Tiana (ed.), Bonaventure Sonké (ed.). 2021. Marseille : IRD, 784 p. (Synthèses / IRD) ISBN 978-2-7099-2938-7

Conclusion générale. Grandcolas Philippe, Delmas Maïté, Muller Serge, Ardila-Chauvet Stéphanie, Billot Claire, Couteron Pierre, Hanh Diep Thi My, Kokou Kouami, Profizi Jean-Pierre, Rana Anshuman Singh, Ranarijaona Hery Lisy Tiana, Sonké Bonaventure. 2021. In : Biodiversité des écosystèmes intertropicaux : Connaissance, gestion durable et valorisation. Profizi Jean-Pierre (ed.), Ardila-Chauvet Stéphanie (ed.), Billot Claire (ed.), Couteron Pierre (ed.), Delmas, Maïté (ed.), Hanh Diep Thi My (ed.), Grandcolas Philippe (ed.) , Kokou Kouami (ed.), Muller Serge (ed.), Rana Anshuman Singh (ed.), et al.. Marseille : IRD, 745-748. (Synthèses) ISBN 978-2-7099-2938-7

Forest types and status : Ecological characteristics and impact of disturbance. Ramesh B.R., Karunakaran P.V., Couteron Pierre, Muthu Sankar G., Lo Seen Danny. 2007. In : Forest landscapes of the Southern Western Ghats, India : Biodiversity, human ecology and management strategies. Ramesh B.R. (ed.), Gurukkal Rajan (ed.). Pondichéry : IFP, 29-51. (Ecologie, 40)

Physical and bioclimatic features of the selected landscape units. Ramesh B.R., Couteron Pierre, Bourgeon Gérard, Muthu Sankar G.. 2007. In : Forest landscapes of the Southern Western Ghats, India : Biodiversity, human ecology and management strategies. Ramesh B.R. (ed.), Gurukkal Rajan (ed.). Pondichéry : IFP, 17-28. (Ecologie, 40)

Minimalistic models of savanna vegetation dynamics to address broad spatial scales in presence of scarce data. Couteron Pierre, Tchuinte Tamen Alexis, Yatat Valaire, Deblauwe Vincent, Bowong Samuel, Tewa Jean Jules, Dumont Yves. 2017. . Kruger Park : s.n., Résumé, 1 p. Biomath 2017 : International Conference on Mathematical Methods and Models in Biosciences and a School for Young Scientists, Kruger Park, Afrique du Sud, 25 Juin 2017/30 Juin 2017.

Mathematical analysis of a size structured tree-grass model in savanna ecosystems. Yatat Djeumen Ivric Valaire, Dumont Yves, Tewa Jean Jules, Couteron Pierre, Bowong Samuel. 2013. In : Conference book BIOMATH 2013 (International conference on Mathematical Methods and Models in Biosciences ), Sofia, Bulgaria, 16 June to 21 June 2013. R. Anguelov and E. Nikolova. s.l. : s.n., Résumé, 45. International conference on Mathematical Methods and Models in Biosciences, Sofia, Bulgarie, 16 Juin 2013/21 Juin 2013.

Modelling fire as discrete events in some tree-grass interaction models with explicit soil water resource. Tchuinte Tamen Alexis, Tewa Jean Jules, Couteron Pierre, Bowong Samuel, Dumont Yves. 2013. In : Conference book BIOMATH 2013 (International conference on Mathematical Methods and Models in Biosciences ), Sofia, Bulgaria, 16 June to 21 June 2013. R. Anguelov and E. Nikolova. s.l. : s.n., Résumé, 46. International conference on Mathematical Methods and Models in Biosciences, Sofia, Bulgarie, 16 Juin 2013/21 Juin 2013.

Very high resolution satellite images for parameterization of tree-scale forest process-based model. Le Maire Guerric, Nouvellon Yann, Roupsard Olivier, Christina Mathias, Charbonnier Fabien, Zhou Jia, Ponzoni Flávio Jorge, Stape Jose Luiz, Dauzat Jean, Couteron Pierre, Proisy Christophe. 2012. In : Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2012), Munich, Germany, 22-27 July 2012,. IEEE. Piscataway : IEEE, 6553-6556. ISBN 978-1-4673-1160-1 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Allemagne, 22 Juillet 2012/27 Juillet 2012.

Evaluation multi-échelles de la diversité spécifique, structurale et fonctionnelle des arbres en forêt guyanaise : prise en compte du substrat géologique, des types de sols et de la dynamique sylvigénétique (DIME). Sabatier Daniel, Couteron Pierre, Elfort Georges, Madelaine Cécile, Molino Jean-François, Nicolini Eric-André, Prévost Marie-Françoise, Pélissier Raphaël, Proisy Christophe, Smock Louis, Tarcy Michel, Abner Etienne, Baisie Michel, Bonal Damien, Domenach Anne-Marie, Freycon Vincent, Godard Isabelle, Gond Valéry, Goret Jean-Yves, Kago Ficadici, Koese Martinus, Kwasie Frits, Le Fol Jérôme, Lentillus E., Ngwete Onoefe, Roggy Jean-Christophe, Sante Richard, Weigel Jean. 2006. In : Ecosystèmes tropicaux : actes du 2ème colloque de restituion du programme de recherche, Paris, 7-8 novembre 2006. France-MEDD, ECOFOR. Paris : ECOFOR, 125-133. ISBN 2-914770-12-X Colloque de restitution du programme recherche sur les ecosystèmes tropicaux. 2, Paris, France, 7 Novembre 2006/8 Novembre 2006.

Assessing degraded forest structures using UAV and SAR remote sensing data. Bourgoin Clément, Betbeder Julie, Couteron Pierre, Blanc Lilian, Baghdadi Nicolas, Reymondin Louis, Läderach Peter, Sist Plinio, Gond Valéry. 2018. . Maryland : Association for Forest Spatial Analysis Technologies, Résumé, 1 p. ForestSAT 2018 Conference: entering a new era in forest observation and analysis. 8, Maryland, États-Unis, 2018/2018.

A partial differential equations framework to model fire-prone savanna dynamics. Yatat Valaire, Couteron Pierre, Tewa Jean Jules, Dumont Yves. 2017. . Kruger Park : s.n., Résumé, 1 p. Biomath 2017 : International Conference on Mathematical Methods and Models in Biosciences and a School for Young Scientists, Kruger Park, Afrique du Sud, 25 Juin 2017/30 Juin 2017.

Mathematical analysis of a non-local tree-grass interactions model for savanna ecosystems experiencing pulse fire perturbations. Yatat Valaire, Couteron Pierre, Tewa Jean Jules, Bowong Samuel, Dumont Yves. 2016. In : EcoSummit 2016 - Ecological Sustainability: Engineering Change. INRA, IRD. Montpellier : INRA, Résumé, 1 p. International EcoSummit Congress 2016, Montpellier, France, 29 Août 2016/1 Septembre 2016.

A mathematical model of tree-grass interactions using impulsive differential equations and non-linear feedback functions of grass biomass onto fire-induced tree mortality. Tchuinte Tamen Alexis, Dumont Yves, Bowong Samuel, Tewa Jean Jules, Couteron Pierre. 2016. . Perpignan : Université de Perpignan, Résumé, 1 p. Emerging Trends in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics Conference (ETAMM 2016), Perpignan, France, 30 Mai 2016/3 Juin 2016.

Le Pterocarpus lucens dans la région de Banh au Nord Ouest du Burkina Faso. Importance pastorale et état actuel des peuplements. Couteron Pierre, D'Aquino Patrick, Ouedraogo I.M.O.. 1993. In : Congrès international des terres de parcours. Gaston A. (ed.), Kernick M. (ed.), Le Houérou H.N. (ed.). Montpellier : CIRAD, 94-100. Congrès international des terres de parcours. 4, Montpellier, France, 22 Avril 1991/26 Avril 1991.

Définir la forêt pour mieux lutter contre la déforestation importée : vers une approche intégrant la diversité des contextes écologiques ? Eba’a Atyi Richard, Gourlet-Fleury Sylvie, Sufo Kankeu Richard, Amiel Frédéric, Guizol Philippe, Couteron Pierre. 2021. Nogent-sur-Marne : CST Forêt, 4 p. (Note de politique du comité Forêt, 1)

Forêt et déforestation : définitions, seuils et conséquences. Eba'a Atyi R., Gourlet-Fleury Sylvie, Sufo-Kankeu Richard, Amiel Frédéric, Guizol Philippe, Couteron Pierre. 2021. Bogor : CIFOR, 8 p. (CIFOR infobrief, 342)

Projet énergie domestique : Etude préalable à la création de marchés ruraux dans le cercle de Niono. Couteron Pierre (ed.), Peltier Régis (ed.), Niamaly Ntio (ed.). 1999. Montpellier : ENGREF, 91 p.

Réserve biosphère de la Mare aux Hippopotames. Etude préalable à un aménagement de la réserve et de sa zone périphérique. Couteron Pierre, Barthélémy Daniel, Fournier F., Deshayes Michel, Busson F., Gallner J.P., Bakyomo E., Bedel J.. 1989. Montpellier : ENGREF, 167 p.

Les processus ponctuels : un outil pour décrire et modéliser la structure spatiale de semis de points. Ngo Bieng Marie-Ange, Goreaud François (collab.), Couteron Pierre (collab.). 2014. Montpellier : CIRAD, Diaporama, 149 p.

Modélisation impulsionnelle des interactions ligneux-herbacées en présence de feux : conséquences sur les dynamiques forêts–savanes. Couteron Pierre, Dumont Yves. 2018. In : Systèmes complexes de la biologie aux territoires = Complex systems from biology to landscapes. Arnaud Nicolas (ed.), Jouve Bertrand (ed.), Müller Jean-Pierre (ed.). Agropolis. Montpellier : Agropolis International, 41. (Les dossiers d'Agropolis International, 23)