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Shifting cultivation in decline: An analysis of soil fertility and weed pressure in intensified cropping systems in Eastern Amazon. Abrell Thomas, Naudin Krishna, Bianchi Felix J.J.A., Veiga Aragao Debora, Tittonell Pablo, Corbeels Marc. 2024. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 360:108793, 10 p.

Development and validation of near‐infrared spectroscopy procedures for prediction of cassava root dry matter and amylose contents in Ugandan cassava germplasm. Nuwamanya Ephraim, Wembabazi Enoch, Kanaabi Michael, Namakula Babirye Fatumah, Katungisa Arnold, Lyatumi Ivan, Esuma Williams, Alamu Emmanuel Oladeji, Dufour Dominique, Kawuki Robert, Davrieux Fabrice. 2023. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 8 p.

Drivers of consumer acceptability of cassava gari-eba food products across cultural and environmental settings using the triadic comparison of technologies approach (tricot). Olaosebikan Deborah Olamide, Bello Abolore, De Sousa Kauê, Ndjouenkeu Robert, Adesokan Michael, Alamu Emmanuel, Agbona Afolabi, Van Etten Jacob, Kegah Franklin Ngoualem, Dufour Dominique, Bouniol Alexandre, Teeken Béla. 2023. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 12 p.

Experimental study and modelling of a filtration–consolidation step: Towards the development of a design tool for cassava dewatering. Van Der Werf Léa, Chiadò Rana Alisia, Chapuis Arnaud, Delpech Charlotte, Wisniewski Christelle, Courtois Francis. 2023. Journal of Food Engineering, 342:111338, 12 p.

Extensive experimental validation of a model for pneumatic drying of cassava starch. Chapuis Arnaud, Lancement Charlène, Giraldo Francisco, Precoppe Marcelo, Moreno Martin A., Dufour Dominique, Tran Thierry. 2023. Drying Technology, 41 (1) : 122-136.

Genetic diversity, distribution, and structure of Bemisia tabaci whitefly species in potential invasion and hybridization regions of East Africa. Ally Hadija, El Hamss Hajar, Simiand Christophe, Maruthi M.N., Colvin John, Delatte Hélène. 2023. PloS One, 18 (5):e0285967, 22 p.

Laboratory standard procedure for determining Ease of Peel of cassava root. WP2. Chijioke Ugo, Iro Ugochi Jane, Ogunka Amaka Promise, Achonwa Oluchi, Okoronkwo Justice, Osodeke Sonia, Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié Didier (collab.), Bouniol Alexandre (collab.), Mestres Christian (collab.). 2023. Umudike : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 13 p.

NIRS acquisition on fresh cassava roots using FOSS DS2500 and ASD quality spec and relating the NIRS spectra to fresh HCN content by Picrate method. High-Throughput Phenotyping Protocols (HTPP), WP3. Kanaabi Michael, Nuwamanya Ephraim, Meghar Karima (collab.), Tran Thierry (collab.). 2023. Kampala : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 11 p.

Participatory processing diagnosis for attieke in Cote d'Ivoire. Surveys on Trait Preferences, WP1 - Activity 4. Diby N’Nan A. Sylvie, Ebah Djedji Catherine, Kanon Landry, Yapi Eric, Bouniol Alexandre, Bechoff Aurélie, Adinsi Laurent, Deuscher Zoé, Koffi Christiane, N’Zue Boni. 2023. Abidjan : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 26 p.

Physical properties of white-fleshed and yellow-fleshed cassava (Manihot esculenta) foam powder. Ayetigbo Oluwatoyin, Latif Sajid, Idris Waill, Müller Joachim. 2023. Powder Technology, 420:118366, 12 p.

SOP for characterization of extrusion-texture of boiled cassava. Biophysical Characterization of Quality Traits, WP2. Tran Thierry, Escobar Andrés, Dahdouh Layal (collab.), Ayetigbo Oluwatoyin (collab.), Mestres Christian (collab.). 2023. Cali : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 19 p.

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics under long-term conservation agriculture systems in Cambodia. Leng Vira, Cardinael Rémi, Seng Vang, Tivet Florent, Lienhard Pascal, Mark Phearum, Six Johan, Hok Lyda, Boulakia Stéphane, Thuriès Laurent. 2023. In : Long Term Experiments: meeting future challenges. AAB. Rothamsted : AAB, Résumé, 1 p. Long Term Experiments: Meeting Future Challenges, Rothamsted, Royaume-Uni, 20 Juin 2023/22 Juin 2023.

Standard Operating Procedure for Determination of the firmness of cassava genotypes during retting using the hand-held penetrometer. Biophysical Characterization of Quality Traits, WP2. Chijioke Ugo, Ogbete Chukwudi, Iro Ugochi Jane, Achonwa Oluchi, Osodeke Sonia, Ogunka Amaka Promise, Okoronkwo Justice, Ayetigbo Oluwatoyin, Mestres Christian (collab.). 2023. Umudike : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 21 p.

Use of sensory and physico-chemical parameters to understand consumer perception of attiéké, a fermented cassava product. Diby N’Nan A. Sylvie, Deffan Prudence Kahndo, Adinsi Laurent, Bechoff Aurélie, Kanon Landry, Bouniol Alexandre, Yapi Eric, Deuscher Zoé, Bugaud Christophe, N'Zue Boni, Ebah Djedji Catherine. 2023. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 10 p.

A minisatellite-based MLVA for deciphering the global epidemiology of the bacterial cassava pathogen Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis. Rache Leidy, Blondin Laurence, Diaz Tatis Paula, Flores Carolina, Camargo Andrea, Kanté Moussa, Wonni Issa, López Camilo, Szurek Boris, Dupas Stéphane, Pruvost Olivier, Koebnik Ralf, Restrepo Silvia, Bernal Adriana Jimena, Vernière Christian. 2023. PloS One, 18 (5):e0285491, 16 p.

Consumer testing of attieke in rural and urban areas in Côte d'Ivoire. Understanding the drivers of trait preferences and the development of multi-user RTB product profiles, WP1, Step 4. Ebah Djedji Catherine, Diby N’Nan A. Sylvie, Kanon Landry, Yapi Eric, Bechoff Aurélie, Adinsi Laurent, Bouniol Alexandre, Deuscher Zoé, Koffi Christiane, N’Zue Boni, Fliedel Geneviève (collab.). 2022. Abidjan : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 18 p.

Consumer testing of eba in rural and urban areas in Nigeria. Understanding the drivers of trait preferences and the development of multi-user RTB product profiles, WP1, Step 4. Madu Tessy, Okoye Benjamin, Ukeje Blessing, Onyemauwa Nnaemeka, Ofoeze Miriam, Fliedel Geneviève (collab.), Adinsi Laurent (collab.), Bechoff Aurélie (collab.). 2022. Umudike : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 17 p.

Consumer testing of eba in rural and urban areas in Nigeria. Understanding the drivers of trait preferences and the development of multi-user RTB product profiles, WP1, Step 4. Bello Abolore, Olaosebikan Deborah Olamide, Oluwaseun Osunbade Adebowale, Maziya-Dixon Busie, Teeken Béla, Fliedel Geneviève (collab.), Adinsi Laurent (collab.), Bechoff Aurélie (collab.). 2022. Ibadan : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 26 p.

Consumer testing of fufu in rural and urban areas in Nigeria. Understanding the drivers of trait preferences and the development of multi-user RTB product profiles, WP1, Step 4. Madu Tessy, Okoye Benjamin, Onyemauwa Nnaemeka, Ukeje Blessing, Ofoeze Miriam, Fliedel Geneviève (collab.), Adinsi Laurent (collab.), Bechoff Aurélie (collab.). 2022. Umudike : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 19 p.

Harmonized SOP for NIRS acquisition on fresh intact and mashed cassava roots using portable NIRS ASD. High-throughput phenotyping protocols (HTPP), WP3. Ogbete Chukwudi, Okoronkwo Justice, Alamu Emmanuel, Adesokan Michael, Chijioke Ugo, Davrieux Fabrice, Meghar Karima (collab.). 2022. Montpellier : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 26 p.

Spatio-temporal changes in endosymbiont diversity and composition in the African cassava whitefly, Bemisia tabaci SSA1. El Hamss Hajar, Maruthi M.N., Ally Hadija, Omongo Christopher A., Wang Hua-Ling, van Brunschot Sharon, Colvin John, Delatte Hélène. 2022. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13:986226, 12 p.

Standard operating protocol for textural characterization of eba. Biophysical characterization of quality traits, WP2. Maziya-Dixon Busie, Adesokan Michael, Alamu Emmanuel, Wasiu Awoyale, Chijioke Ugo, Ayetigbo Oluwatoyin, Dahdouh Layal (collab.), Mestres Christian (collab.). 2022. Ibadan : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 16 p.

Standard operating protocol for textural characterization of fufu. Biophysical characterization of quality traits, WP2. Chijioke Ugo, Okoronkwo Justice, Achonwa Oluchi, Iro Ugochi Jane, Udoka Precious, Chikere Juliet, Ogunka Amaka Promise, Mestres Christian (collab.), Ayetigbo Oluwatoyin (collab.). 2022. Umudike : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 17 p.

Strengthening women's and youths' access to innovation support services (ISS): The 24 h' cassava retting case in Cameroon. Crestin-Billet Sarah, Kamga Boubda Armel Rodrigue, Ndah Hycenth Tim, Fongang Fouepe Guillaume Hansel, Mathe Syndhia, Knierim Andrea. 2022. International Journal on Food System Dynamics, 13 (4) : 440-453.

A global sorption equation for raw and processed cassava based on a review and compilation of sorption properties. Van Der Werf Léa, Chapuis Arnaud, Courtois Francis. 2022. Drying Technology, 40 (16) : 3661-3674.

Application of mathematical epidemiology to crop vector-borne diseases: The cassava mosaic virus disease case. Chapwanya Michael, Dumont Yves. 2021. In : Infectious diseases and our planet. Teboh-Ewungkem Miranda I. (ed.), Ngwa Gideon Akumah (ed.). Cham : Springer, 57-95. (Mathematics of Plant Earth, 7) ISBN 978-3-030-50826-8

Assessment of end user traits and physicochemical qualities of cassava flour: A case of Zombo district, Uganda. Nanyonjo Ann Ritah, Kawuki Robert Sezi, Kyazze Florence, Esuma Williams, Wembabazi Enoch, Dufour Dominique, Nuwamanya Ephraim, Tufan Hale. 2021. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56 (3), n.spéc. Consumers have their say: Assessing preferred quality traits of roots, tubers and cooking bananas, and implications for breeding : 1289-1297.

From cassava to gari: Mapping of quality characteristics and end-user preferences in Cameroon and Nigeria. Ndjouenkeu Robert, Ngoualem Kegah Franklin, Teeken Béla, Okoye Benjamin, Madu Tessy, Olamide Olaosebikan Deborah, Chijioke Ugo, Bello Abolore, Oluwaseun Osunbade Adebowale, Owoade Durodola, Takam‐Tchuente Noel Hubert, Biaton Njeufa Esther, Nguiadem Chomdom Isabelle Linda, Forsythe Lora, Maziya‐Dixon Busie, Fliedel Geneviève. 2021. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56 (3), n.spéc. Consumers have their say: Assessing preferred quality traits of roots, tubers and cooking bananas, and implications for breeding : 1223-1238.

Identification of critical versus robust processing unit operations determining the physical and biochemical properties of cassava-based semolina (gari). Escobar Andrés, Rondet Eric, Dahdouh Layal, Ricci Julien, Akissoé Noël H., Dufour Dominique, Tran Thierry, Cuq Bernard, Delalonde Michèle. 2021. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56 (3), n.spéc. Consumers have their say: Assessing preferred quality traits of roots, tubers and cooking bananas, and implications for breeding : 1311-1321.

Medium-Throughput methods for Screening and Selection: Predicting Cooking Quality of Boiled Cassava. PHT 002. Tran Thierry, Zhang Xiaofei, Ceballos Hernan, Moreno Jhon L., Luna Jorge, Ospina Maria Alejandra, Escobar Andrés, Salazar Sandra, Morante Nelson, Belalcazar John, Dufour Dominique, Becerra López-Lavalle Luis Agusto. 2021. In : Book of Abstracts - The 14th symposium of the International Society of Tropical Root Crops Africa Branch (ISTRC-AB). International Society for Tropical Root Crops-Africa Branch. Lusaka : ISTRC-AB, 1 p. Symposium of the international society of tropical root crops – Africa Branch (ISTRC-AB)). 14, Lusaka, Zambie, 20 Septembre 2021/24 Septembre 2021.

NIRS acquisition on fresh cassava roots using the ASD Quality Spec (QST) and relating spectra to root dry matter content by oven method. High-throughput phenotyping protocols (HTPP), WP3. Nuwamanya Ephraim, Kanaabi Michael, Alamu Emmanuel Oladeji, Meghar Karima (collab.). 2021. Kampala : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 10 p.

NIRS and biophysical analyses on cassava cooking properties report. High-Throughput Phenotyping Protocols (HTPP), WP3. Davrieux Fabrice, Belalcazar Martinez John Eiver, Zhang Xiaofei, Tran Thierry. 2021. Saint-Pierre : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 18 p.

NIRS measurement on fresh ground cassava. High-throughput phenotyping protocols (HTPP), WP3. Belalcazar John, Tran Thierry, Meghar Karima (collab.), Davrieux Fabrice (collab.). 2021. Cali : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 9 p.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) applications for high throughput phenotyping (HTP) for cassava and yam: A review. Alamu Emmanuel Oladeji, Nuwamanya Ephraim, Cornet Denis, Meghar Karima, Adesokan Michael, Tran Thierry, Belalcazar John, Desfontaines Lucienne, Davrieux Fabrice. 2021. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56 (3), n.spéc. Consumers have their say: Assessing preferred quality traits of roots, tubers and cooking bananas, and implications for breeding : 1491-1501.

Nitrous oxide emissions from cassava fields amended with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Chirinda Ngonidzashe, Trujillo Carretero Carolina, Loaiza Sandra, Salazar Sandra, Luna Jorge, Tong Encinas Liz Alexandra, Becerra López Lavalle Luis Augusto, Tran Thierry. 2021. Soil Use and Management, 37 (2) : 257-263.

Participatory processing diagnosis for Gari/Eba in Nigeria. Understanding the drivers of trait preferences and the development of multi-user RTB product profiles, WP1, step 3. Abolore Bello, Olaosebikan Deborah Olamide, Osunbgbade Adewale, Teeken Béla, Bouniol Alexandre (collab.). 2021. Ibadan : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 34 p.

Proof of concept about biophysical bases of processing and cooking ability of boiled cassava. Biophysical characterization of quality traits, WP2. Mestres Christian, Ricci Julien, Ollier Léa, Tran Thierry, Moreno John Larry, Belalcazar John. 2021. Montpellier : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 10 p.

Role of dewatering and roasting parameters on the quality of handmade gari. Dahdouh Layal, Escobar Andrés, Rondet Eric, Ricci Julien, Fliedel Geneviève, Adinsi Laurent, Dufour Dominique, Cuq Bernard, Delalonde Michèle. 2021. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56 (3), n.spéc. Consumers have their say: Assessing preferred quality traits of roots, tubers and cooking bananas, and implications for breeding : 1298-1310.

Sensory characterization of boiled cassava. Biophysical characterization of quality traits, WP2. Nuwamanya Ephraim, Iragaba Paula, Kawuki Robert Sezi, Nanyonjo Ann Ritah, Kanaabi Michael, Khakasa Elizabeth, Maraval Isabelle (collab.), Forestier-Chiron Nelly (collab.), Bugaud Christophe (collab.). 2021. Kampala : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 18 p.

Sensory characterization of eba. Biophysical characterization of quality traits, WP2. Maziya-Dixon Busie, Oyedele Hakeem, Alamu Emmanuel, Awoyale Wasiu, Adesokan Michael, Chijioke Ugo, Maraval Isabelle (collab.), Forestier-Chiron Nelly (collab.), Bugaud Christophe (collab.). 2021. Ibadan : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 13 p.

Sensory characterization of fufu. Biophysical characterization of quality traits, WP2. Chijioke Ugo, Ogunka Amaka Promise, Achonwa Oluchi, Okoronkwo Justice, Maraval Isabelle (collab.), Forestier-Chiron Nelly (collab.), Bugaud Christophe (collab.). 2021. Umudike : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 18 p.

Understanding cassava varietal preferences through pairwise ranking of gari-eba and fufu prepared by local farmer-processors. Teeken Béla, Agbona Afolabi, Abolore Bello, Olaosebikan Deborah Olamide, Alamu Emmanuel, Adesokan Michael, Awoyale Wasiu, Madu Tessy, Okoye Benjamin, Chijioke Ugo, Owoade Durodola, Okoro Maria, Bouniol Alexandre, Dufour Dominique, Hershey Clair, Rabbi Ismail Y., Maziya‐Dixon Busie, Egesi Chiedozie, Tufan Hale, Kulakow Peter. 2021. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56 (3), n.spéc. Consumers have their say: Assessing preferred quality traits of roots, tubers and cooking bananas, and implications for breeding : 1258-1277.

A review of varietal change in roots, tubers and bananas: consumer preferences and other drivers of adoption and implications for breeding. Thiele Graham, Dufour Dominique, Vernier Philippe, Mwanga Robert O. M., Parker Monica L., Schulte Geldermann Elmar, Teeken Béla, Wossen Tesfamicheal, Gotor Elisabetta, Kikulwe Enoch, Tufan Hale, Sinelle Sophie, Kouakou Amani Michel, Friedmann Michael, Polar Vivian, Hershey Clair. 2021. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56 (3), n.spéc. Consumers have their say: Assessing preferred quality traits of roots, tubers and cooking bananas, and implications for breeding : 1076-1092.

SOP for colour measurement in fresh yam (Dioscorea Sp.) and fresh cassava (Manihot esculenta) using chromameter. High-throughput phenotyping protocols (HTPP), WP3. Alamu Emmanuel, Adesokan Michael, Meghar Karima (collab.), Davrieux Fabrice (collab.). 2020. Lusaka : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 10 p.

Development of a duplex-PCR for differential diagnosis of Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis and Xanthomonas cassavae in cassava (Manihot esculenta). Flores Carolina, Zarate Carlos, Triplett Lindsay R., Maillot-Lebon Véronique, Moufid Yassine, Kanté Moussa, Bragard Claude, Verdier Valérie, Gagnevin Lionel, Szurek Boris, Robène Isabelle. 2019. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 105:n.spéc. Crop Pathology in Africa : 34-46.

Sensory and physicochemical profiling of traditional and enriched gari in Benin. Adinsi Laurent, Akissoé Noël, Escobar Andrés, Prin Laure, Kougblenou Nadège, Dufour Dominique, Hounhouigan Joseph Djidjoho, Fliedel Geneviève. 2019. Food Science and Nutrition, 7 (10) : 3338-3348.

State Of knowledge for boiled cassava in Uganda. Food Science, Gender & Market. Nanyonjo Ann Ritah, Angudubo Stephen, Candiru Winnie, Hamba Sophia, Esuma Williams, Kawuki Robert Sezi, Kleih Ulrich (collab.), Fliedel Geneviève (collab.), Forsythe Lora (collab.). 2019. Kampala : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 22 p.

State Of knowledge for gari/eba in Nigeria. Food Science, Gender & Market. Teeken Béla, Abolore Bello, Olaosebikan Deborah Olamide, Owoade Durodola, Kleih Ulrich (collab.), Fliedel Geneviève (collab.), Forsythe Lora (collab.). 2019. Ibadan : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 23 p.

State of knowledge on gari in Cameroon. Food Science & Market. Ngoualem Kegah Franklin, Takam Tchuente Hubert Noel, Ndjouenkeu Robert, Kleih Ulrich (collab.), Fliedel Geneviève (collab.), Forsythe Lora (collab.). 2019. Ngaoundere : RTBfoods Project-CIRAD, 89 p.

Cassava whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in East African farming landscapes: A review of the factors determining abundance. Macfadyen S., Paull C., Boykin L.M., De Barro Paul, Maruthi M.N., Otim M.O., Kalyebi A., Vassão D.G., Sseruwagi Peter, Tay Wee Tek, Delatte Hélène, Seguni Z., Colvin John, Omongo Christopher A.. 2018. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 108 (5) : 565-582.

Development of a novel integrated approach to monitor processing of cassava roots into gari: Macroscopic and microscopic scales. Escobar Andrés, Dahdouh Layal, Rondet Eric, Ricci Julien, Dufour Dominique, Tran Thierry, Cuq Bernard, Delalonde Michèle. 2018. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11 (7) : 1370-1380.

Evaluation of the performance of the EPIC model for yield and biomass simulation under conservation systems in Cambodia. Le Kieu Ngoc, Jeong Jaehak, Reyes Manuel, Jha Manoj K., Gassman Philip W., Doro Luca, Hok Lyda, Boulakia Stéphane. 2018. Agricultural Systems, 166 : 90-100.

Tropical root and tuber crops breeding in the Pacific: a review of 35 years of efforts. Lebot Vincent. 2018. In : Proceedings of the International Symposia on Tropical and Temperate Horticulture, Volume 2, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, November 20-25, 2016. Drew R. (ed.). ISHS. Louvain : ISHS, 589-602. (Acta Horticulturae : ISHS, 1205) ISBN 978-94-62612-00-6 International Symposia on Tropical and Temperate Horticulture, Cairns, Australie, 20 Novembre 2016/25 Novembre 2016.

Conservation agriculture for climate-resilient rainfed uplands in the Western regions of Cambodia: challenges, opportunities, and lessons from a 10-Year R and D program. Kong Rada, Sar Veng, Leng Vira, Trang Sopheak, Boulakia Stéphane, Tivet Florent, Séguy Lucien. 2016. In : Learning and coping with change: Case stories of climate change adaptation in Southeast Asia. Sajise Percy E. (ed.), Cadiz Maria Celeste H. (ed.), Bantayan Rosario B. (ed.). SEARCA. Los Baños : SEARCA, 55-81. ISBN 978-971-560-176-4

Divergent evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of cassava mosaic geminiviruses in Madagascar. De Bruyn Alexandre, Harimalala Mireille Aurélie, Zinga Innocent, Mabvakure Batsirai, Hoareau Murielle, Ravigné Virginie, Walters Matthew, Reynaud Bernard, Varsani Arvind, Harkins Gordon William, Martin Darren Patrick, Lett Jean-Michel, Lefeuvre Pierre. 2016. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16 (182), 21 p.

Sensory effect and bioaccessibility of microencapsulated iron-fortified cassava flour and flake. [SP24-21]. Hoerudin, Juniawati, Yuliani Sri, Widaningrum, Wulandari D., Prangdimurti Endang, Gibert Olivier. 2016. In : Electronic Proceedings of World Congress on Root and Tuber Crops. Nanning : WCRTC, 1 p. World Congress on Root and Tuber Crops. 1, Nanning, Chine, 18 Janvier 2016/22 Janvier 2016.

Age structure and population dynamics of Amblyseius manihoti (Acari: Phytoeiidae) on cassava in Brazil. Bonato Olivier, Noronha A.C.D.S., Cuellar Térésa, De Moraes G.. 2001. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 21 (3) : 207-212.